PBL DNA Extraction Kit

Due December 15th 2015 

• References: Only use Websites ending in .gov, .edu , .net , .org. references ending in .com will not be allowed for your research.
• DO NOT USE wikipedia.org, this is the only .org website you are not allowed to you. 
• Minimum 6 references.

PBL LAUNCH

Chapter 8

Chapter 8

Chapter 8 DNA and Protein Synthesis

Due 11/16

300 word essay (typed or written) explaining if you agree or disagree with  Watson and Crick receiving the Noble Peace Prize.

View, take notes, & Answer the questions

Link to the Questions

Secret of Photo 51

Section 8.1

Griffith Experiment

Hershey-Chase Experiment

Section 8.2

DNA is made up of 3 structures (phosphate, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base)

Watson and Crick Model

Base Pairing Rules

Each base held to the other by Hydrogen Bonds

Section 3: DNA Replication

Question on STAAR

DNA REPLICATION

Section 4 & 5 

Transcription (in the nucleus using DNA template)

19 9 *  22 15 21 19 *  20 18 1 4 21 9 19 5 26 *  3 5 12 1  * 
1 12 15 18 19 *  22 15 21 19 *  15 2 20 9 5 14 4 18 5 26 *  
2 15 14 2 15 14 19.

ATG GCT AAA TGC TAA TAG CAT

DNA to Proteins

TRY THIS:

What if DNA wanted this sequence to make a protein....

                 TAC TAG CAT GTA ACT

What about this one....

TAC CCT ATA AAA GAT TTA

Gene Therapy?

Editing Your DNA

Translation (in the cytoplasm using ribosomes)

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Using the Codon Chart....

Review Game

Activity for Review

Chapter 6 Meiosis

Chapter 6

Section1: Chromosomes & Meiosis

Your body produces 2 types of cells....

1. Germ Cells aka Sex Cells aka Gametes

2. Somatic Cells aka body cells (all other cells in your body)

The number of chromosomes varies within species....

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes in each cell (46 chromosomes total)

Fruit flies have 4 pairs of chromosomes in each cell (8 chromosomes total)

Dogs have 39 pairs in each cell

Cats have 19 pairs...

No matter what species you have each chromosome has its pair (the same size and copies of the same genes)

These two pairs of chromosomes are called HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES

The EXCEPTIONS are the Sex Chromosomes... 

Fertilization happens when an egg (having 23 chromosomes) combines with the sperm (having 23 chromosomes) forming a DIPLOID CELL

Haploid Vs Diploid

Syndromes of Sex Linked Chromosomes

Turner Syndrome

Klinefelter Syndrome

Extra Y Chromosome

Some More Info

What about Down Syndrome

              Can Species Interbreed?

Mitosis vs Meiosis

What is Meiosis?

Chapter 5 Cell Growth and Division

5.1 The Cell Cycle

Cycle=repetition or repeating patterns.

G0 (Gap 0): cells carry out their normal functions but are unlikely to divide ex: Neurons

1. gap 1 
2. cell growth, normal functions, replications of organelles, length of time a cells varies for each cell & organism. Critical check point in cell division #1 @ the end of G1. 
3. synthesis. 
4. copies DNA from the nucleus
5. gap 2 
6. more growth and normal functions, Critical check point in cell division #2 @ the end of G2.
7. mitosis 
8. cell division 
9. prophase 
10. metaphase 
11. anaphase 
12. telophase 
13. cytokinesis   Cyto=Cell    Kinesis=division
14. mitosis 
15. interphase 

Cells divide at different rates: 

• Rates of cell division vary widely
• Cell divides according to the body’s need (Ex. Skin cells divide more often then liver cells.) 
• The length of gap 1 varies widely among cell types. 
• Neurons, enter a stage called G0, where cells are unlikely to divide again.

Cell size is limited due to surface to volume ratio:

• If cell is small it could not contain organelles and needed molecules. 
• If cells is large it could not move enough materials across the membrane surface. 
• To be at perfect size cell growth and division must be coordinated.

Experiment Explaining The Importance of Size of Cell

G1& G2 stages got their names because scientists did not see any activity going on in cells, and thought there were Gaps in cell activity. 

M-Phase (Mitosis): Cells The cell nucleus and its contents divide this includes cytokinesis.


Division and Growth must coordinate for cells to stay the same size from generation to generation.

What Breast Cancer Cells Look Like When Dividing

5.2 Mitosis & Cytokinesis

Chromosome structure

• A chromosome is one long continuous thread of DNA. 
• DNA wraps around proteins called histones. 
• During Interphase,DNA and histones form chromatin that look like spaghetti.
• Chromosomes condense tightly for mitosis.
• Because they are duplicated, they look like an X. 

1.interphase: copies DNA, grows, duplicates organelles 
2. prophase: chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle fibers form. 
3. metaphase: spindle fibers align chromosomes along the cell equator 
4. anaphase: chromatids separate to opposite sides of cell 


5. telophase: nuclear membranes start to form around chromosomes, chromosomes begin to uncoil, spindle fibers fall apart 
6. cytokinesis: divides the cytoplasm between two daughter cells 

Say What?? Let's see it again!