Chapter 18 Viruses & Bacteria

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18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6


Battlefield Cell Video

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How does this virus spread?

What classifies organisms as living?
Are viruses alive?
What makes up a virus?
How do viruses replicate?
What are some examples of viruses?

Viruses are not considered living because they do not meet these characteristics...but once in a host they hijack its machinery to create more of the virus.

Many viruses have a similar composition of protein and nucelic acid. (some have a lipid coat)

A viruses can replicate using 2 cycle processes:

Lytic Cycle where the cell bursts, killing the host cell.

Lysogenic Cycle where the viral DNA is integrated into the host DNA. External factors (stress conditions) may trigger the virus into going into the Lytic Cycle.

What are some examples of viruses?

Ebola: fatality rate of up to 90%, the Ebola Virus Disease (also called Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever) is believed to be one of the deadliest virus infection all over the world.

 

Rabies Virus: causes 55,000 human deaths each year, if left untreated 100% fatality rate.

Smallpox Virus: very few deaths due to a 

vaccine but if patients contract the virus 

90% fatality rate .

Chickenpox Virus: (varicella) used to be very common in the United States before the chickenpox vaccine became available in 1995. In the early 1990s, an average of 4 million people got chickenpox, 10,500 to 13,000 were hospitalized (range, 8,000 to 18,000), and 100 to 150 died each year.

HIV: this virus has claimed the lives of millions. In many cases if no treatment/medication 100% fatality.

SARS: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 

about 10% fatality rate.

Rhinovirus

How do you get the Common Cold

Influenza

Avian Flu

Viroids: nucleic acid molecule that infects 

plants

Prions: protein molecule that infects the

 hosts neurological system

Mad Cow Disease

Zika virus

Are you controlled by viruses

Chapter 17 Classifications

The Linnaean System of Classification

What are the common names for this animal?

Carolus Linnaeus 

Developed a system of classifying and naming of living things which made it easier to identify and classify new organisms.

The science of naming and classifying organisms is known as TAXONOMY. Each group of organisms is called a TAXON (TAXA for plural)

Why the weird names?

The first part of the scientific name is known as the Genus and is always capitalized...Homo

The second part of the scientific name is known as the Species and is always lowercase...sapien

Which one is the least related organism?

• Ursus americanus
• Ursus arctus
• Ursus maritimus
• Ailuropoda melanoleuca 

Who is this organisms closest relative?

Ailurus fulgens

A) Procyon lotor

B) Ailuropoda melanoleuca

C) Thylamys pallidior

In order to classify organisms correctly a dichotomous key must be developed

Practice Classification 

The system of the Linnaeus classification system has 7 Levels.....Domain was added later. 

What would you imagine if I said "I captured a animal in my backyard and kept it in a box with its friends."

It would be more specific on my part to say "I captured a fire ant  (Solenopsis mandibularis) in my backyard and kept it in a box with its friends."

I went from something very broad ANIMAL to very specific FIRE ANT

Today scientists agree that organisms should be classified based on evolutionary relationship and not just physically.

For this Cladograms are used.

Each have traits shared by some and not others known as Derived Characters.

Nodes are where the branch splits.

Molecular Clocks are used to trace mutation rates to measure evolutionary time.

There are 3 main domains of life Bacteria, Archae, and Eukarya

Within these domains are the 6 kingdoms

Eukaryotes
1. Animalia
2. Plantae
3. Fungi
4. Protista

Prokaryotes 
5. Eubacteria
6. Archaebacteria

Leaf Identification Activity