Chapter 4.1& 4.2

4.1 Chemical Energy & ATP 

Making Connections:
The cells of all organisms—from algae

 

                                                to whales to people—need chemical 

energy for all of their processes. 

Some organisms, such as diatoms

and plants,

absorb energy from sunlight. Some of that energy is stored in sugars. Cells break down sugars to produce usable chemical energy for their functions. Without organisms that make sugars, living things on Earth could not survive.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate):organic molecule that acts as a main and high energy source for cells.

ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate):low energy molecule that can be converted to ATP.

1. ATP

2. energy released for cell processes

3. ADP

4. energy from breakdown of molecules

5. Carbohydrate:  Energy:4 cal/mg Details; 36 ATP from glucose; most common molecule broken down to make ATP

6.Lipid: Energy: 9 cal/mg; Detail: 146ATP from a triglyceride; stores most of the energy in people

7. Protein: Energy:4 cal/mg; Details: infrequently broken down by cells to make ATP

Chemo= chemical

Chemosynthesis—process through which some organisms use chemicals from the environment (rather than light energy) as a source of energy to build carbon-based molecules
 

Lets Review!!

Recap Questions:

Describe how you get energy indirectly from the food that you eat.

Compare and Contrast How are the energy needs of plant cells similar to those of animal cells? How are they different?

4.2 Photosynthesis

Lets make a connection:

Solar-powered calculators, homes, and cars are just a few things that use energy from sunlight. In a way, you are also solar-powered. Of course, sunlight does not directly give you the energy you need to play a sport or read this page. That energy comes from ATP. Molecules of ATP are often made from the breakdown of sugars, but how are sugars made? Plants capture some of the energy in sunlight and change it into chemical energy stored in sugars.

Some organisms are called producers because  they produce the source of chemical energy  for themselves and for other organisms. 

Photo=light
Synthesis=put together

Photosynthesis—process through which light energy is captured and used to build sugars that store chemical energy

Chloroplasts  are  membrane-bound  organelles where Photosynthesis takes  place  in plants.

Chloro=green
Phyll=leaf

Chlorophyll: a green pigment that gives plants their green color and absorb visible light to provide energy for Photosynthesis.

Thylakoid: coined shape,found within the chloroplast that contains the components of photosynthesis.

1. chloroplast

2. sunlight

3. water

4. thylakoid; chlorophyll and other light-absorbing molecules

5. oxygen

6. energy-carrying molecules transferred to light-independent reactions

7. carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

8. light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)

9. one six-carbon sugar (glucose)

Photosynthesis equation:

6CO2 + 6H2O ⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒C6H12O6 + 6O2

Many arrows are used  because many chemical  reactions occur with the help of many enzymes. 

Light-dependent reaction:absorbs energy from sunlight and transfers energy to the light-dependent reaction.
          in=Not
light-independent reaction:uses energy absorbed during light dependent reactions to synthesize carbohydrates.


 photosystems: light energy captured and transferred in the thylakoid membranes by two groups of molecules.



electron transport chain: which is a series of proteins in the membrane of the thylakoid

ATP synthase: makes ATP by adding phosphate groups to ADP

Calvin cycle: when carbon dioxide (CO2) gas from the atmosphere and the energy carried by ATP and NADPH to make simple sugars. 

Lets See it again!

Recap Question:

Explain why photosynthesis is important for building the structure of plant cells. 

QUIZ CHAPTER 4.1&4.2

Chapters 3.3 & 3.4& 3.5

Chapter 3.3 Cell membrane

Functions: contains cell contents, controls what enters and exits a cell

Fluid mosaic model: describes the arrangement of molecules that make up a cell membrane.

**The Membrane is flexible like a fluid and has a variety of 

molecules like the variety of tiles in a mosaic

                   













                                                           

Phospholipids: form a double layer surrounding a cell. 

charged/polar phosphate group, and glycerol

 no charge/non polar two fatty acid chains. 

head: hydrophilic (water loving) 

    


tails: hydrophobic (water fearing)

Other Molecules that make up the cell membrane: 

 cholesterol: strengthens membranes

proteins: help cell identification, movement of molecules across 

membranes and cell signaling, 

carbohydrates: aid cell identification  

Selective permeability/Semipermeable:allows some materials to

 Cross; in order for cell to maintain homeostasis;


Sketch Selective Permeability

Receptors: detect a signal molecule and perform an action in response

ligand is a molecule that acts as a signal when it binds to a receptor. Can cross the cell membrane

Intracellular: located inside a cell; bind to molecules that can cross the membrane

Membrane : located in the membrane; binds to molecules than cannot cross the membrane;

change in shape transmits the message to the cell interior

Diffusion & Osmosis 3.4

Passive transport: 

the 

movement of 

molecules across a 

membrane 


without

 energy input from 

the cell

Diffusion: movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration

Osmosis: the diffusion of water

How do different solutions affect cells?

** hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of dissolved particles than a cell. This means water concentration is higher inside the cell than outside. Thus, water flows out of the cell, causing it to shrivel or even die.

**isotonic solution to a cell if it has the same concentration of dissolved particles as the cell. Water molecules move into and out of the cell at an equal rate, so the cell’s size remains constant.

**hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of dissolved particles than a cell. This means water molecules are more concentrated outside the cell than inside. Water diffuses into the cell. If too much water enters a cell, the cell membrane could potentially expand until it bursts.

Facilitated diffusion: the diffusion of molecules across a 

membrane through transport proteins; requires no energy input 

from the cell

Active Transport, Endocytosis & Exocytosis Chapter 3.5

**Active transport: drives 

molecules across a membrane 

from lower to higher 

concentration (against a 

concentration gradient) 

**Most active transport proteins use energy from the breakdown  

of ATP (IS ENERGY)

ACTIVE & PASSIVE TRANSPORT RECAP

Endocytosis: process of taking in

liquids or larger molecules into a  
cell by engulfing in a vesicle; 

requires energy 


Exocytosis: process of releasing 

substances out of a cell by fusion of a vesicle with the membrane 

requires energy

Phagocytosis (cell eating):is a 

type of endocytosis in which the 

cell membrane engulfs large 

particles. 

Chapter 3.3,3.4&3.5 Quiz

Chapter 3.1&3.2

Section 3.1 

Famous people in history!

1. Hooke: was the first to identify cells and name them.
2. Leeunwenhoek: observed live cells 
3. Schleiden: concluded that plants are made of cells
4. Schwann: concluded that animals are made of cells
5. Virchow: proposed that all cells come from other cells.

Wacky History

The technological advance:

The microscope

Cell Theory States:

1. All living organisms are composed of cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of life.
3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells.

The Cell Theory is one of the 1st unifying concepts of Biology

2 Types of Cells:

A: Prokaryotic Cell           B: Eukaryotic Cell

All cells have a membrane, DNA, ribosomes & cytoplasm

Prokaryotic Cells (Bacteria)

• No nucleus only free DNA
• No membrane-bound organelle (except ribosomes)
• Unicellular organisms

Eukaryotic Cells (Plant, Animal, Fungi, Protist)

• Nucleus present
• Specialized structures that work together called organelles.
• Most are multi-cellular organisms

What do Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes have in common?....

• both are cells
• both contain a DNA
• both have a protective barrier
• both have ribosomes
• both have cytoplasm, a jelly-like substance inside their membrane.
• Some have flagella

Venn Diagram

Microbes in You

Section 3.2

Cells Rap

Cell Song

All organs of the cell have their role....

cytoskeleton: gives shape, gives strength, and aid movement 

nucleus (command center): stores and protects the DNA 

ER (factory): production of proteins and lipids

ribosomes (worker): links amino acids to form proteins 

Golgi apparatus (post office): processes, sorts, and delivers proteins 

vesicles (containers): sacs that carry material 

mitochondria (powerhouse): supply energy to the cell

vacuole (storage containers): sac used for storage of materials

lysosomes (garbage collector): sacs containing enzymes that break down wornout cell parts 

centrioles: role in cell division not entirely clear 

cell wall: provides protection, support, and shapes plant cells

chloroplasts: convert solar energy into energy for cell

cell membrane (animals): protective barrier that determines what goes in and out of cell.

cytoplasm: jelly-like substance in cells where organelles are found.

BrainPop Cell Structure

or......