Chapter 1.3

1.3 Sci Thinking and Processing 


How do we solve a difficult question?

Take 3 minutes to rearrange this engineering method according to what you think is correct.

Communicate

Brainstorm

Test the prototype

Research

Define the problem

Develop a prototype

What method does this resemble?...

                  

Observing—Using the senses or tools to gather information Forming hypotheses

—Ask a question and try to explain observations  "if......then...."








Testing hypotheses—Collecting data to support or reject a hypothesis 




Analyzing data—Statistical analysis of data to draw conclusions 








Evaluating results—Data and conclusions are studied to determine whether they are valid 



How to create a Hypothesis 
3 misinterpreted words in bio.....

• Hypothesis:  hypothesis will give an explanation that will be tested. Ex: If fenders are placed on a bicycle, then the user will stay dry when going through puddles.

• Theory: After hypotheses have been tested many times, with accurate results, they become theories. Ex: Cell Theory

• Law: A law has been widely accepted. This means that it is assumed to be a true and will predict the outcome of certain conditions or experiments. Ex: Law of Gravity

   Experiment:Using independent and dependent variables to find cause-and-effect relationships   
        

Reading Graphs

 

Remember the acronym DRY MIX

Dependent                    Manipulating

Responding                   Independent

Y-axix                            X-axis

Control Group Vs. Dependent Variables Vs. Independent Vsariables

Independent variable—The condition that is manipulated in an experiment; the “cause” 
Dependent variable—The factor that is responding in an experiment; the “effect” 
Control/Constant—Any condition that is kept the same during an experiment; necessary for determining whether the independent variable produces any change in the dependent variable

• The DEPENDENT depends on the INDEPENDENT.
• The  INDEPENDENT is the REASON for the DEPENDENT to CHANGE.

Now lets apply this to Biology

1. A scientist is testing the effects of medication on the blood pressure of patients. 
2. A scientist wants to find out how cellular respiration is affected by temperature. 
3. A scientist is measuring the effect of precipitation on seed germination. 

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Chapter 1.2

1.2 UNIFYING THEMES OF BIOLOGY

HOW ARE THINGS SORTED?

ITEMS ARE ORGANIZED FROM SMALLEST TO BIGGEST. 

Living things share 4 common characteristics

 1. CELLS- ALL ORGANISMS ARE MADE UP OF CELLS

 2. NEED FOR ENERGY—ALL ORGANISMS NEED CHEMICAL ENERGY TO CARRY OUT THEIR FUNCTIONS

 3. RESPOND TO ENVIRONMENT—ALL ORGANISMS MUST RESPOND TO STIMULI TO SURVIVE. 

4. REPRODUCTION—ORGANISMS MUST HAVE THE ABILITY TO REPRODUCE IN ORDER FOR A SPECIES TO SURVIVE.

WHAT DO ALL THESE PICTURES HAVE IN COMMON?

                                                                  

                                          



Systems—Related parts interact to form a whole. 

What function do these structures have on these organisms?




Structure and Function— Function is related to structure. 

Think Turn Talk......
If the temperature of this room were to suddenly drop 10 degrees, what would your internal temperature be? And Why?

Homeostasis— Stable internal conditions are maintained through automatic responses and through behavior.

Our body uses a negative feedback which is a change in a system that causes it to return to its original state.

In 5 words or less, what does evolution mean?



– The genetic makeup of a population of a species changes. 
– Evolution can occur through natural selection of adaptations. 
– Adaptations are beneficial inherited traits that are passed to future generations. 



Evolution— Gradual change in genetic makeup of a population of a species.

Tomorrow we will have a quiz on Section 1.2 in the beginning of class.

If you missed today's class here are some quick notes....

The unifying themes of biology:

• Systems—Related parts interact to form a whole. Examples include cells that work together to perform a function; different organs that work together; different organisms that interact in an ecosystem.
• Structure and Function— Function is related to structure. Examples include cell structure and function; anatomical structure and function.
• Homeostasis— Stable internal conditions are maintained through automatic responses and through behavior. Examples include temperature regulation 
• Evolution— Gradual change in genetic makeup of a population of a species. Examples include adaptations in different environments resulting in different species. 

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Chapter 1.1

1.1 THE STUDY OF LIFE (AKA BIO-LOGY)

Earth is home to an incredible diversity of life. 

The biosphere includes all living things and all the places they are found. Ex: land environments, our atmosphere, saltwater and freshwater environments

Biodiversity = diversity of life

Biodiversity is greater in areas with warm temperatures










A species is one particular type of living thing  & can interbreed to reproduce. 

Over 2 million different living species have been identified and many are still being discovered.






Organism—Any individual living thing

Brief history on science....

We have studied living things throughout historyusing science. In prehistoric time, cave paintings show people hunting animals. Observing 
where they went, how they behaved, and how to take them down for food.

Egyptians practiced the art of mummification. This practice demonstrated their understanding of human body.

A famous Greek philosopher by the name of Aristotle began to classify living things back in 330 BC.

Another Greek philosopher by the name of Hippocrates studied the human body and believed most illnesses came from an imbalance of blood, black bile, yellow bile, and/or phlegm.

Louis Pasteur proposed that living things did not arise from nothing but came from preexisting matter.



Recently we have seen advancements in science. From mapping of our genome to growing organs from stem cells. 

Bio-engineering from U of Massachusetts Med School

Massachusetts medical hospital makes a dead heart beat again.

Tomorrow we will have a quiz on Section 1.1 in the beginning of class.

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