Chapter 4.1& 4.2

4.1 Chemical Energy & ATP 

Making Connections:
The cells of all organisms—from algae

 

                                                to whales to people—need chemical 

energy for all of their processes. 

Some organisms, such as diatoms

and plants,

absorb energy from sunlight. Some of that energy is stored in sugars. Cells break down sugars to produce usable chemical energy for their functions. Without organisms that make sugars, living things on Earth could not survive.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate):organic molecule that acts as a main and high energy source for cells.

ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate):low energy molecule that can be converted to ATP.

1. ATP

2. energy released for cell processes

3. ADP

4. energy from breakdown of molecules

5. Carbohydrate:  Energy:4 cal/mg Details; 36 ATP from glucose; most common molecule broken down to make ATP

6.Lipid: Energy: 9 cal/mg; Detail: 146ATP from a triglyceride; stores most of the energy in people

7. Protein: Energy:4 cal/mg; Details: infrequently broken down by cells to make ATP

Chemo= chemical

Chemosynthesis—process through which some organisms use chemicals from the environment (rather than light energy) as a source of energy to build carbon-based molecules
 

Lets Review!!

Recap Questions:

Describe how you get energy indirectly from the food that you eat.

Compare and Contrast How are the energy needs of plant cells similar to those of animal cells? How are they different?

4.2 Photosynthesis

Lets make a connection:

Solar-powered calculators, homes, and cars are just a few things that use energy from sunlight. In a way, you are also solar-powered. Of course, sunlight does not directly give you the energy you need to play a sport or read this page. That energy comes from ATP. Molecules of ATP are often made from the breakdown of sugars, but how are sugars made? Plants capture some of the energy in sunlight and change it into chemical energy stored in sugars.

Some organisms are called producers because  they produce the source of chemical energy  for themselves and for other organisms. 

Photo=light
Synthesis=put together

Photosynthesis—process through which light energy is captured and used to build sugars that store chemical energy

Chloroplasts  are  membrane-bound  organelles where Photosynthesis takes  place  in plants.

Chloro=green
Phyll=leaf

Chlorophyll: a green pigment that gives plants their green color and absorb visible light to provide energy for Photosynthesis.

Thylakoid: coined shape,found within the chloroplast that contains the components of photosynthesis.

1. chloroplast

2. sunlight

3. water

4. thylakoid; chlorophyll and other light-absorbing molecules

5. oxygen

6. energy-carrying molecules transferred to light-independent reactions

7. carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

8. light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)

9. one six-carbon sugar (glucose)

Photosynthesis equation:

6CO2 + 6H2O ⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒C6H12O6 + 6O2

Many arrows are used  because many chemical  reactions occur with the help of many enzymes. 

Light-dependent reaction:absorbs energy from sunlight and transfers energy to the light-dependent reaction.
          in=Not
light-independent reaction:uses energy absorbed during light dependent reactions to synthesize carbohydrates.


 photosystems: light energy captured and transferred in the thylakoid membranes by two groups of molecules.



electron transport chain: which is a series of proteins in the membrane of the thylakoid

ATP synthase: makes ATP by adding phosphate groups to ADP

Calvin cycle: when carbon dioxide (CO2) gas from the atmosphere and the energy carried by ATP and NADPH to make simple sugars. 

Lets See it again!

Recap Question:

Explain why photosynthesis is important for building the structure of plant cells. 

QUIZ CHAPTER 4.1&4.2